Linguistics Girl

Apostrophes

The article The Use of Apostrophes in Written English explains the use of apostrophes in written English to form possessive nouns, to form contractions and indicate omissions, and to pluralize lowercase letters and words used as words.

The article Punctuation Rules for Apostrophes in English: Using Apostrophes as Punctuation Marks in Written American English explains the use of apostrophes in written American English with possessive nouns, in contractions and for omissions, and to pluralize lowercase letters and words as words.

Braces

The article The Use of Brackets and Braces in Written English explains the use of braces in written English to enclose numeric sets and to indicate choices.

The article Punctuation Rules of English Ellipses and Braces: Using Braces and the Ellipsis in Written American English explains the use of braces in written American English to denote numeric sets and to indicate equal choices.

Brackets

The article The Use of Brackets and Braces in Written English explains the use of brackets in written English to clarify, to enclose parenthetical information, to indicate errors in quotations, to revise quotations, and to indicate word origin.

The article Punctuation Rules for Brackets in English: Using Brackets as Punctuation Marks in Written American English explains the use of brackets in written American English inside parentheses, clarifications in quotations, to indicate errors in quotations, to revise quotations, and to indicate word origin.

Colons

The article The Use of Colons in Written English explains the use of colons in written English to introduce lists, introduce quotations, introduce elaborations and emphasizations, introduce rules and principles, introduce appositives, indicate time, mark Bible references, and signal business letter salutations.

The article Punctuation Rules for Colons in English: Using Colons as Punctuation Marks in Written American English explains the use of colons in written American English to introduce lists, introduce appositives, introduce quotations, introduce elaborations and emphasizations, introduce rules and principles, in business salutations, in time notations, and in Bible references.

Commas

The article The Use of Commas in Written English explains the use of commas in written English for separating words in a series; separating independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions; separating coordinate adjectives; separating nonrestrictive modifiers; separating appositive that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence; separating adverbs and short parentheticals that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence; separating alternative or contrasted coordinate phrases; transitioning between quotations; and in dates, geographical places, numbers, personal titles, direct addresses, and brief interjections.

The article Punctuation Rules for Commas in English: Using Commas as Punctuation Marks in Written American English explains the use of commas in written American English for separating items in a series, separating verb clauses, after adverbials and adjuncts that precede the main clause, separating coordinate adjectives, and separating nonrestrictive adjective clauses.

The article More Punctuation Rules for Commas in English: When to Use Commas in Written American English explains the use of commas in written American English for separating nonessential appositives; separating contrasted coordinate phrases; separating nonessential adverbs and parentheticals; transitioning between quotations; and in dates, geographical places, numbers, personal titles, direct addresses, and brief interjections.

The article Additional Punctuation Rules for English Commas: Commas in Numbers, Dates, Places, Titles, Address, and Interjections explains the use of commas in written American English in numbers, dates, geographical places, personal titles, direct address, and interjections.

Dashes

The article The Use of Dashes and Parentheses in Written English explains the use of dashes in written English for separating appositives, introducing emphasizations, introducing explanations, and introducing an explanation of a preceding series.

The article Punctuation Rules for Dashes in English: Using Dashes as Punctuation Marks in Written American English explains the use of dashes in written American English to separate appositives with commas, to introduce explanations, to introduce emphasizations, and to introduce explanations of series.

Ellipses

The article The Use of Other Punctuation Marks in Written English explains the use of ellipses in written English to indicate omission in quotations and indicate pauses and interruptions in speech.

The article Punctuation Rules of English Ellipses and Braces: Using Braces and the Ellipsis in Written American English explains the use of ellipses in written American English to mark omissions and to indicate pauses and interruptions.

Exclamation Marks

The article The Use of Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Marks in Written English explains the use of exclamation marks to indicate emphatic interjections that are not part of the grammatical structure of the main clause and to end sentences.

The article Question Marks, Exclamation Marks, Interrobangs: Punctuation Rules for Question, Exclamation, and Interrobang Marks explains the use of exclamation marks in written American English to end sentences and with emphatic interjections.

Hyphens

The article The Use of Hyphens in Written English explains the use of hyphens in written English to join compound numbers and fractions, join compound nouns, join coequal nouns, join compound modifiers, join phrases functioning as modifiers, join some prefixes and suffixes, and avoid confusion and misreading.

The article Punctuation Rules for Hyphens in English: Using Hyphens as Punctuation Marks in Written American English explains the use of hyphens in written American English with affixes, in compound nouns, in coequal nouns, in compound modifiers, in phrasal modifiers, in numbers, and to avoid confusion and misreading.

Interrobangs

The article The Use of Other Punctuation Marks in Written English explains the use of interrobangs in written English to ask questions with excitement or disbelief.

The article Question Marks, Exclamation Marks, Interrobangs: Punctuation Rules for Question, Exclamation, and Interrobang Marks explains the use of interrobangs in written American English to end sentences.

Italicization

The article The Use of Italicization in Written English explains the use of italicization in written English to identify titles of major works, to emphasize words and phrases, to identify letters and words used as words, to identify linguistic examples, and to identify foreign words and phrases.

Parentheses

The article The Use of Dashes and Parentheses in Written English explains the use of parentheses in written English for introducing emphasizations, enclosing clarifications, enclosing asides and additional information, and enclosing numbers or letters in a list.

The article Punctuation Rules for Parentheses in English: Using Parentheses as Punctuation Marks in Written American English explains the use of parentheses in written American English to enclose numbers and letters in a list, to enclose clarifications, to introduce emphasizations, and to enclose asides and additional information.

Periods

The article The Use of Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Marks in Written English explains the use of periods in written English to mark abbreviations, function as decimal points to separate integrals from fractional parts of numbers, separate elements in poetry and play citations, separate computer file names with computer file extensions, and end sentences.

The article Punctuation Marks for Periods in English: Using Periods as Punctuation Marks in Written American English explains the use of periods in written American English for sentence endings, as decimal points, with abbreviations, in computer files and Internet addresses, and in play and poetry citations.

Question Marks

The article The Use of Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Marks in Written English explains the use of question marks in written English to indicate uncertain dates and numbers and to end sentences.

The article Question Marks, Exclamation Marks, Interrobangs: Punctuation Rules for Question, Exclamation, and Interrobang Marks explains the use of question marks in written American English to end sentences and in dates and numbers.

Quotation Marks

The article The Use of Quotation Marks in Written English explains the use of double quotations marks in written English to enclose direct quotations, identify titles of minor works and parts of wholes, highlight novel uses of words and phrases, and indicate the translation of a foreign word of phrase.

The article The Use of Other Punctuation Marks in Written English explains the use of single quotation marks in written English to enclose direct quotations inside direct quotations and to mark the translation of a foreign word of phrase.

The article Punctuation Rules for Quotations Marks in English: Using Double and Single Quotations Marks for Written American English explains the use of double quotations with direct quotations, minor titles, translations, and novel uses and the use of single quotations marks inside double quotation marks and with translations in written American English.

Semicolons

The article The Use of Semicolons in Written English explains the use of semicolons in written English to join two related clauses, to join two clauses in which the second begins with an adverb or parenthetical, and to separate items that contain commas in a series.

The article Punctuation Rules for Semicolons in English: Using Semicolons as Punctuation Marks in Written English explains the use of semicolons in written American English for joining related verb clauses, joining other verb clauses, and in series with commas.

Slashes

The article The Use of Other Punctuation Marks in Written English explains the use of slashes in written English to separate alternatives, represent the word per, appear in certain abbreviations, indicate line breaks, separate numerators from denominators in fractions, and divide informal representations of dates.

The article Punctuation Rules for Slashes in English: Using Slashes as Punctuation Marks in Written American English explains the sue of slashes in written American English in fractions, in dates, with abbreviations, to separate alternatives, to indicate lines breaks, and with files names and Internet addresses.

Modal Verbs

The article English Modal Verbs lists and explains the nine modal verbs in English—can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would—and discusses some of the possible definitions and meanings of these modals.

The article Modal Auxiliary Verbs: The Grammar of Modal Verbs in English explains and provides examples of the grammar of the nine English modal verbs.

The article English Quasi-modal Verbs lists and explains the four quasi-modal verbs in English—ought to, used to, would rather, had better—and discusses some of the possible definitions and meanings of these quasi-modals.

The article English Catenative Verbs explains the conjugations and uses of catenatives as well as the difference between catenative verbs—verbs that form strings of verbs by linking to the infinitive form of another verb—and modal or quasi-modal verbs.

Modal Verb Meanings

The article Semantics and Pragmatics of English Modal Verbs: The Meanings and Uses of Modal Auxiliary Verbs in English offers the most common semantic and pragmatic meanings of the nine English modal verbs.

The article English Modal Verbs: Can and May offers the most frequent definitions of the modals can and may with examples to illustrate use.

The article English Modal Verbs: Will and Shall offers the most frequent definitions of the modals will and shall with examples to illustrate use.

The article English Modal Verbs: Could and Might offers the most frequent definitions of the modals could and might with examples to illustrate use.

The article English Modal Verbs: Would offers the most frequent definitions of the modal would with examples to illustrate use.

The article English Modal Verbs: Must and Should offers the most frequent definitions of the modals must and should with examples to illustrate use.

Multiple Modals

The essay Multiple Modals in Modern English: Use, History, and Structure of Periphrastic Modal Verbs explains the structure, users, history, and pragmatics of multiple modals— periphrastic verb constructions characterized by the use of two or more modal verbs within a single verb phrase—in Modern English.

Grammatical Functions

 The article The Functions of Adverbs and Adverb Phrases in English, explains the six grammatical functions of adverbs and adverb phrases in English grammar: adverb phrase head, adjective phrase modifier, adverb phrase modifier, verb phrase modifier, adverbial, and adjunct.

The article English Adverbs and Adverb Phrases: The Five Main Functions of Adverbs in the English Language identifies and exemplifies five grammatical functions of adverbs and adverb phrases in English grammar.

Adverb Clauses

As described in the article The Forms and Functions of Clauses in English: Verb Clauses, Noun Clauses, Adjective Clauses, and Adverb Clauses, the grammatical function of the adverb clause in English grammar is adverbial.

Grammatical Forms

The article The Internal Structure of English Nouns: What Prototypical Nouns Look Like in the English Language explains the internal structure of prototypical English nouns.

The articles Forming Plurals of Regular Nouns in English: Morphological, Spelling, and Pronunciation Changes and Forming Plurals of Regular English Nouns: Suffixation to Create Plural Nouns in the English Language explains how to form the plurals of regular English noun through suffixation and slight spelling changes.

The articles Forming Plurals of Irregular Nouns in English: Morphological, Spelling, and Pronunciation Changes and Forming Plurals of Irregular English Nouns: Stem and Ending Changes to Create Plural Nouns in English explains how to form the plurals of irregular English nouns through stem changes and ending changes.

The articles The Internal Structure of Noun Phrases in English and The Noun Phrase in English: Describing Nouns with Determinatives, Modifiers, and Complements explains the seven grammatical forms that function as determinatives, noun phrase modifiers, and noun phrase complements in English noun phrases.

The article Grammatical Noun Phrase Complement in English: Completing Nouns with Prepositional Phrases and Noun Clauses explains the two grammatical forms that can function as the grammatical noun phrase complement in English.

The article Teaching Preschoolers about Nouns as People, Places, and Things provides a lesson plan for teaching preschoolers the basics about nouns in English.

Grammatical Functions

The article The Functions of Nouns and Noun Phrases in English identifies and describes the ten main grammatical functions of nouns and noun phrases in English grammar: subject, subject complement, direct object, object complement, indirect object, prepositional complement, noun phrase modifier, possessive modifier, appositive, and adverbial.

The article English Nouns and Noun Phrases: The Ten Functions of Nouns in English Grammar also explains the ten grammatical functions of nouns and noun phrases in English grammar.

The article English Adverbials: Noun Phrases, Verb Phrases, and the Positions of Adverbials explains the use of noun phrases as adverbials in English.

Pronouns

The article The English Personal Pronoun System for ESL Students describes the grammatical forms and grammatical functions of the personal pronouns in English grammar.

The article The English Pronoun System: Subject, Object, Possessive, and Reflexive Pronouns in English explains the four types and grammatical functions of personal pronouns in English grammar.

The articles The Indefinite English Pronouns for ESL Students and The Indefinite English Pronouns: The Forms and Functions of Indefinite Pronouns in English explains the seven forms and six functions of indefinite pronouns in English grammar.

The article The Demonstrative English Pronouns for ESL Students lists and explains the four demonstrative pronouns in English.

The article The Interrogative English Pronouns for ESL Students lists the five interrogative English pronouns and explains the six grammatical functions of interrogative pronouns in English grammar.

The article The Forms and Functions of Conjunctions in English touches on relative pronouns as being subordinating conjunctions that perform the grammatical function of subordinator.

The article The Syntactic Functions of Relative Pronouns in English explains the five syntactic functions of relative pronouns: subject, direct object, prepositional complement, possessive determiner, and adverbial.

Noun Clauses

The article The Forms and Functions of Noun Clauses in English explains the eight main grammatical functions of noun clauses in English grammar: subject, subject complement, direct object, object complement, indirect object, prepositional complement,  adjective phrase complement, and noun clause complement.

The article The Eight Functions of Noun Clauses in English: The Nominal Functions of Subordinate Clauses in English Grammar explains eight grammatical functions of noun clauses in English grammar: subject, subject complement, direct object, object complement, indirect object, prepositional complement, adjective phrase complement, and appositive.

The article The Forms and Functions of Clauses in English: Verb Clauses, Noun Clauses, Adjective Clauses, and Adverb Clauses explains the eight grammatical functions of noun clauses in English grammar.

Grammatical Functions

The article The Form-Function Method for Teaching Grammar: Learning English Grammar by Studying Grammatical Form and Function explains the pedagogical method of teaching English grammar by distinguishing grammatical form from grammatical function.

Subject

The article The Grammatical Subject in English: Nouns, Prepositional Phrases, Verbs, and Noun Clauses as Subjects explains and provides examples of the four grammatical forms that can function as the subject in English grammar.

The linguistic term of grammatical subject is defined in the blog post Linguistic Definition of Grammatical Subject.

Predicate

The article Learning Word Order in English by Studying the Forms of the English Predicate lists and provides examples of the six constructions of the predicate in English grammar.

The article Constructions of the English Predicate: What Can the Predicate Look Like in the English Language? describes the six main forms of the predicate in English grammar.

Subject Complement

The article The Grammatical Subject Complement in English: The Five Words, Phrases, and Clauses that Describe the Subject identifies and provides examples of the five grammatical forms that can function as the subject complement in English grammar.

The article How to Teach ESL Students the Difference between Subject Complements and Direct Objects outlines a lesson plan for teaching the five grammatical forms that can function as the subject complement in English grammar.

Direct Object

The article The Grammatical Direct Object in English: Nouns, Prepositions, Verbs, and Noun Clauses as Direct Objects identifies and describes the four grammatical forms that can function as the direct object in English grammar.

The article How to Teach ESL Students the Difference between Subject Complements and Direct Objects outlines a lesson plan for teaching the four grammatical forms that can function as the direct object in English grammar.

Object Complement

The article The Grammatical Object Complement in English: Five Words, Phrases, and Clauses that Describe the Direct Object identifies and provides examples of the five grammatical forms that can function as the object complement in English grammar.

Indirect Object

The article The Grammatical Indirect Object in English: Nouns, Prepositions, Verbs, and Noun Clauses as Indirect Objects identifies and describes the four grammatical forms that can function as the indirect object in English grammar.

Prepositional Complement

The article Grammatical Prepositional Complement in English: Four Grammatical Forms that Function as the Object of a Preposition describes the four grammatical forms that can function as the prepositional complement in English grammar.

Noun Phrase Modifier

The article The Grammatical Noun Phrase Modifier in English: Describing with Nouns, Adjectives, Prepositions, Verbs, and Clauses identifies and describes the five grammatical forms that can function as the noun phrase modifier in English grammar.

Adverbial

The article The Grammatical Adverbial in English: Words, Phrases, and Clauses that Modify or Describe an Entire Clause describes the five grammatical forms that can function as the adverbial in English grammar.

Adjunct

The article The Grammatical Adjunct in English: Framing an Entire Clause with Adverbs and Prepositional Phrases describes the two grammatical forms that can function as the adjunct in English grammar.

Determinative

The article The Grammatical Determinative in English: Articles, Demonstratives, Possessive Adjectives, Other Determiners lists and explains the six types of determiners that can function as the determinative in English grammar.

Nouns and Noun Phrases

The article The Functions of Nouns and Noun Phrases in English lists and explains the ten prototypical grammatical functions of nouns and noun phrases in English grammar.

The article English Nouns and Noun Phrases: The Ten Functions of Nouns in English Grammar also explains the ten main functions of nouns and noun phrases in English grammar.

The article The English Personal Pronoun System for ESL Students

The article The English Pronoun System: Subject, Object, Possessive, and Reflexive Pronouns in English identifies the grammatical functions of the personal pronouns in English grammar.

The article The Indefinite English Pronouns: The Forms and Functions of Indefinite Pronouns in English identifies and exemplifies the grammatical functions of the indefinite pronouns in English grammar.

Noun Clauses

The article The Forms and Functions of Clauses in English: Verb Clauses, Noun Clauses, Adjective Clauses, and Adverb Clauses identifies eight grammatical functions of noun clauses in English grammar.

The article The Forms and Functions of Noun Clauses in English identifies and explains the seven main grammatical functions of noun clauses in English grammar.

The article The Eight Functions of Noun Clauses in English: The Nominal Functions of Subordinate Clauses in English Grammar explains eight prototypical functions of noun clauses in English grammar.

Adjectives and Adjective Phrases

The article The Functions of Adjectives and Adjective Phrases in English lists and explains the four grammatical functions of adjectives and adjective phrases in English grammar.

The article English Adjectives and Adjective Phrases: The Three Main Functions of Adjectives in the English Language identifies and explains three grammatical functions of adjective phrases in English: noun phrase modifier, predicate adjective, and object complement.

Adjective Clauses

The article The Forms and Functions of Clauses in English: Verb Clauses, Noun Clauses, Adjective Clauses, and Adverb Clauses identifies the grammatical function of adjective (relative) clauses in English grammar as noun phrase modifier.

Determiners

As described in the article The Forms and Functions of Determiners in English, the grammatical function performed by articles, possessive determiners, demonstrative determiners, interrogative determiners, numerals, and quantifiers is determinative.

The article The Grammatical Determinative in English: Articles, Demonstratives, Possessive Adjectives, Other Determiners identifies the grammatical function of determiners in English grammar as determinative.

Verbs and Verb Phrases

The article The Functions of Verbs and Verb Phrases in English identifies and exemplifies the ten grammatical functions—four verbal and six nominal—of verbs and verb phrases in English grammar.

The article English Verbs and Verb Phrases: Five Functions of Verb in the English Language identifies only five grammatical functions—predicate, noun phrase modifier, adjective phrase complement, subject, subject complement—of verb phrases in English grammar.

The article More English Verbs and Verb Phrases: Four More Functions of Verbs in the English Language identifies only four grammatical functions—direct object, object complement, indirect object, prepositional complement—of verb phrases in English grammar.

Verb Clauses

The article The Forms and Functions of Clauses in English: Verb Clauses, Noun Clauses, Adjective Clauses, and Adverb Clauses identifies the three grammatical functions of verb clauses in English grammar: declaration, question, and command.

Adverbs and Adverb Phrases

As described in the article The Functions of Adverbs and Adverb Phrases in English, adverbs and adverb phrases can perform six grammatical functions in English grammar: adverb phrase head, adjective phrase modifier, adverb phrase modifier, verb phrase modifier, adverbial, and adjunct.

The article English Adverbs and Adverb Phrases: The Five Main Functions of Adverbs in the English Language identifies the five prototypical functions of adverbs and adverb phrases in English grammar.

Adverb Clauses

The article The Forms and Functions of Clauses in English: Verb Clauses, Noun Clauses, Adjective Clauses, and Adverb Clauses identifies the grammatical function of adverb clauses in English grammar as adverbial.

Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

The article The Functions of Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases in English describes and provides examples of the ten main grammatical functions of prepositions in English grammar.

The article English Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases: The Six Main Functions of Prepositions explains the six prototypical grammatical functions of prepositional phrases in English grammar.

The article Six Other Functions of Prepositional Phrases: Prepositions as Subjects, Objects, and Complements in English identifies and explains the six nominal functions of prepositions in English grammar.

Conjunctions

As described in the article The Forms and Functions of Conjunctions in English, coordinating conjunctions perform the function of coordinator, correlative conjunctions perform the function of correlator, and subordinating conjunctions perform the function of subordinator.

The article Forms and Functions of English Conjunctions: Coordinating, Correlative, and Subordinating Conjunctions in English identifies and explains the grammatical functions of coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions in English grammar.

Grammatical Functions

As described in the article The Functions of Adjectives and Adjective Phrases in English, prototypical English adjectives and adjective phrases can perform four grammatical functions: adjective phrase head, noun phrase modifier, subject complement, and object complement.

The article English Adjectives and Adjective Phrases: The Three Main Functions of Adjectives in the English Language explains three grammatical functions of prototypical adjective phrases in English: noun phrase modifier, predicate adjective, and object complement.

As described in the article Adjectives in English that Function Only Predicatively, some English adjectives can function only predicatively as subject complements and object complements.

Adjective Clauses

As described in the article The Forms and Functions of Clauses in English: Verb Clauses, Noun Clauses, Adjective Clauses, and Adverb Clauses, adjective, or relative, clauses perform the grammatical function of noun phrase modifier in English grammar.

Verb Phrase Forms

The article The Internal Structure of Verb Phrases in English explains and exemplifies the five grammatical forms that appear with verbs to form English verb phrases.

The article The Functions of Prepositions in Verb Phrases: Infinitive Markers, Particles, and Verb Phrase Complements explains the three functions of prepositions within English verb phrases.

Verb Phrase Functions

The article The Functions of Verbs and Verb Phrases in English explains and describes the ten grammatical functions—four verbal and six nominal—of verb phrases in English grammar.

The article English Verbs and Verb Phrases: Five Functions of Verb in the English Language explains five grammatical functions—predicate, noun phrase modifier, adjective phrase complement, subject, subject complement—of verb phrases in English grammar.

The article More English Verbs and Verb Phrases: Four More Functions of Verbs in the English Language explains four grammatical functions—direct object, object complement, indirect object, prepositional complement—of verb phrases in English grammar.

The article Verb Functions in Predicate Verb Phrases: Grammatical Functions of Modals, Auxiliaries, and Operators explains the six functions of verbs including auxiliary within the English predicate.

The article English Adverbials: Noun Phrases, Verb Phrases, and the Positions of Adverbials explains the use of verb phrases as adverbials in English.

English Verb System

The article The English Verb System for ESL Students presents an overview of the English verb system including verb tense, verb aspect, verb mood, and verb voice.

The article Common English Verbs lists along with conjugations the thirty-two most important verbs that English language learners should memorize early in their English language studies including the three English auxiliary verbs, the nine English modal verbs, and the twenty most frequent English verbs.

The article English Catenative Verbs explains the conjugations and uses of catenatives as well as the differences between catenative verbs and modal or quasi-modal verbs.

Simple Present Tense

As described in the article Forming the Simple Present Tense of English Verbs: Spelling Changes and Pronunciation, the simple present tense in English expresses habits and routines, to state general facts and truths, and to express thoughts and feelings.

The article Third Person Singular Simple Present Verbs: Suffixation of Present Tense Verbs in the English Language explains how to form and pronounce the third person singular form of English nouns in the simple present tense.

Simple Past Tense

As described in the article Forming the Simple Past Tense of English Verbs: Spelling Changes and Pronunciation, the simple past tense in English expresses completed actions, to describe past habits and routines, to state past facts and truths, and to express past thoughts and feelings.

Progressive Aspect

As described in the article The Formation and Use of the Progressive Aspect in English, the progressive aspect of verb phrases expresses ongoing actions or states.

Perfect Aspect

As described in the article The Formation and Use of the Perfect Aspect in English, the perfect aspect of verb phrases expresses and emphasizes the consequences resulting from past actions or states.

Perfect-Progressive Aspect

As described in the article The Formation and Use of the Perfect-Progressive Aspect in English, the perfect-progressive aspect of verb phrases expresses ongoing actions or states that began in the past and continue to a specific time.

Present Participles

As described in the article Forming the Present Participle of English Verbs: Spelling Changes and Pronunciation, the present participle in English is a nonfinite verb form used to form the progressive aspect and perfect-progressive aspect as well as in nominal functions.

The article Forming Present Participles of English Verbs: Suffix Affixation to Base Forms to Create English -ing Participles explains how to form and use present participles of English verbs.

Past Participles

As described in the article Forming the Past Participle of English Verbs: Spelling Changes and Pronunciation, the past participle in English is a nonfinite verb form used to form the perfect aspect, perfect-progressive aspect, and passive voice as well as to modify noun phrases.

The article Past Participles of Regular English Verbs: Suffix Affixation to Base Forms to Create English -en Participles explains how to form and use past participles of regular English verbs.

The article Past Participles of Irregular English Verbs: Suffixation and Stem Changes to Create English -en Participles explains how to form and use past participles of irregular English verbs.

Passive Voice

As described in the article The Formation and Use of the Passive Voice in English, the passive voice of verb phrases moves the direct object of the verb into the grammatical subject position.

Subjunctive Mood

The article The Formation and Use of the Subjunctive Mood in English explains the formation, use, and decline of the subjunctive mood in English grammar.

Imperative Mood

The article Lesson Plan for Teaching the Imperative Mood in Spanish includes a discussion of the formation and use of the imperative mood in English grammar.

Modal Verbs

The article English Modal Verbs lists and defines the nine modal verbs in English as well as explains the position and use of modal verbs in English verb phrases.

For some of the most frequent meanings of the nine English modal verbs, read the series of five articles entitled Semantics and Pragmatics of English Modal Verbs which includes the articles English Modal Verbs: Can and May, English Modal Verbs: Will and Shall, English Modal Verbs: Could and Might, English Modal Verbs: Would, and English Modal Verbs: Must and Should.

The five-part essay Multiple Modals in Modern English: Use, History, and Structure of Periphrastic Modal Verbs explores the use, history, and structure of multiple modals in the English language.

The article English Quasi-modal Verbs lists and defines the four quasi-modal verbs in English as well as explains the position and use of quasi-modal verbs in English verb phrases.

Prepositional Verbs

The article ESL Lesson Plan for Teaching the Difference between Prepositional Verbs and Phrasal Verbs compares English prepositional verbs to English phrasal verbs.

The article Prepositional Verbs and Verb Phrase Complements: The Difference between Prepositional and Phrasal Verbs in English explains the differences between English prepositional verbs and English phrasal verbs.

Phrasal Verbs

The article English Phrasal Verbs for ESL Students explains and describes the forms of phrasal verbs in English.

The article ESL Lesson Plan for Teaching the Difference between Prepositional Verbs and Phrasal Verbs explains the difference between phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs in English.

The article Prepositional Verbs and Verb Phrase Complements: The Difference between Prepositional and Phrasal Verbs in English explains the differences between English phrasal verbs and English prepositional verbs.

The essay Phrasal Verbs: The Elephant Is a Whole, Not Its Parts is an academic essay that explains the forms of phrasal verbs in English.

The article English Phrasal Verbs: The Form, Origin, and Types of Phrasal Verbs in the English Language explains the form and origin as well as the four types of phrasal verbs in English.

The article Transitive Phrasal Verbs in English: Nonseparable, Optionally Separable, and Obligatorily Separable explains the three types of transitive phrasal verbs in English.